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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Doument
Description
An account of the resource
Images of the Emancipation Proclamation in different forms.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
Subject
The topic of the resource
Copy of the Emancipation Proclamation [folded broadside]
Description
An account of the resource
This is the text that freed slaves in rebelling Southern States in 1863. The two versions represent the straight forward approach of the Proclamation, as well as its ideas of patriotism. In the more intricate Emancipation copy, President Lincoln is framed by flags and statues that represent liberty. There is an eagle that holding arrows and an olive branch showing that the fight will be fierce but there is an option for peace. The more intricate document represents the honor associated with presidential power.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Abraham Lincoln
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
https://mymasonportal.gmu.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_3_1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
01-01-1863
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Broadside
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Speech
1863
Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation
Text
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Online picture.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Word Cloud of January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Analysis of Emancipation through visual textual representation.
Description
An account of the resource
This document is a self-created document meant to analyze the vocabulary the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation emphasized. The words: thereof, St, hundred, and thousand, have been removed as they impose a different analysis on the document than I would like.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Emancipation Proclamation Document: Abraham Lincoln.
Analysis: Kathryn Porcell
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863
Word Cloud: May 5, 2014
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
United States National Archives and Records Administration.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
United States National Archives and Records Administration
1863
Analysis
Emancipation Proclamation
Text
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Word Cloud of September 22, 1862 Emancipation Proclamation.
Subject
The topic of the resource
September 22 Draft of the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Self-made document to analyze the document's change over time. By analyzing the Emancipation draft and comparing it to the final version I hope to learn how the document changed and how the intention changed with the wording.
The frequency of "united" and "states" or "state" shows the key elements of the Emancipation Proclamation shows President Lincoln was emphasizing unity among states over "persons" which can be both slave-owners and slaves. The document also emphasizes "service." Slightly less frequent is "rebellion," which shows President Lincoln was more interested in service, people, and unity.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Emancipation Proclamation: President Abraham Lincoln
Cloud: Kathryn Porcell
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html#
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
United States National Archives and Records Administration.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Draft: September 22, 1862
Cloud: May 5, 2014
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
United State National Archives and Records Administration.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
United State National Archives and Records Administration
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Still photo.
Language
A language of the resource
English.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
1862
Analysis
Emancipation Proclamation
Text
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Still Image
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Map
Subject
The topic of the resource
A map of locations during the Civil war compared to a modern parade route.
Description
An account of the resource
For an interactive map please go to <br />https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zu-P6GMdVjAk.k-pXrzPZuDWM
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Kathryn Porcell
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Google Maps Engine.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Google Maps Engine.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
April 4, 2014
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Map
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Map.
2014
Emancipation Day Parade
Map
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Website
A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ).
Local URL
The URL of the local directory containing all assets of the website.
http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/chronol.htm
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War
Subject
The topic of the resource
A timeline of recorded official events that occurred during the Civil War.
Description
An account of the resource
This document gives an important understanding of how events evolved and impacted other events during the Civil War. Without a basic understanding of the events the importance and impact of the Emancipation Proclamation would be lost.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Steven F. Miller
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/index.html
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Freedmen and Southern Society Project
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland, National Historical Publication and Records Commission.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Website
Language
A language of the resource
English
Civil War
Time-line
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
Washington, D. C. Sep. 11. 1861.
Sir:
Yours of the 8th in answer to mine of 2nd Inst. is just received.2 Assuming that you, upon the ground, could better judge of the necessities of your position than I could at this distance, on seeing your proclamation of August 30th I saw perceived no general objection to it--
The particular clause, however, in relation to the confiscation of property and the liberation of slaves, appeared to me to be objectionable, in it's non-conformity to the Act of Congress passed the 6th of last August upon the same subjects; and hence I wrote you expressing my wish that that clause should be modified accordingly-- Your answer, just received, expresses the preference on your part, that I should make an open order for the modification, which I very cheerfully do-- It is therefore ordered that the said clause of said proclamation mentioned be so modified, held, and construed, as to conform to, and not to transcend, the provisions on the same subject contained in the Act of Congress entitled "An Act to confiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes" Approved, August 6. 1861;3 and that said act be published at length with this order--
Your Obt. Servt
A. Lincoln
[Note 1 On September 2 Lincoln requested that Gen. Fremont modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation that would free the slaves of Confederates in Missouri. In his response Fremont allowed that he had written his proclamation "without advice or consultation from anyone," and asked Lincoln to openly direct him to correct that portion of his proclamation that Lincoln found problematic. "If I were to retract of my own accord," he wrote, "it would imply that I myself thought it wrong." Lincoln therefore so directs Fremont in this letter, which was widely published in newspapers. See Lincoln to Fremont, September 2, 1861, Fremont to Lincoln, September 8, 1861.]
[Note 2 Fremont's letter to which Lincoln is responding had been hand-carried to Washington by Mrs. Fremont, the former Jessie Benton, the daughter of Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Lincoln and Mrs. Fremont met at the White House late at night on September 10.]
[Note 3 This act of Congress provided for the freeing of slaves only if they were "employed in hostile service against the Government."]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Abraham Lincoln to John C. Fremont, Wednesday, September 11, 1861
Subject
The topic of the resource
This private letter was sent from President Lincoln to Major-General Fremont after Fremont has proclaimed all slaves in Mississippi free.
Description
An account of the resource
This document show's President Lincoln's aversion to directly using martial law to justify freeing slaves. It also allows a glimpse into the steps President Lincoln thought necessary for the later Emancipation Proclamation to succeed.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
President Abraham Lincoln
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 11, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Transcribed and Annotated by the Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College. Galesburg, Illinois.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Rights held by Library of Congress.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter and transcribed document.
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation
John C. Fremont
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The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
Washington D. C. Sept. 2, 1861.
My dear Sir:
Two points in your proclamation of August 30th give me some anxiety. First, should you shoot a man, according to the proclamation, the Confederates would very certainly shoot our best man in their hands in retaliation; and so, man for man, indefinitely. It is therefore my order that you allow no man to be shot, under the proclamation, without first having my approbation or consent
Secondly, I think there is great danger that the closing paragraph, in relation to the confiscation of property, and the liberating slaves of traiterous owners, will alarm our Southern Union friends, and turn them against us -- perhaps ruin our rather fair prospect for Kentucky. Allow me therefore to ask, that you will as of your own motion, modify that paragraph so as to conform to the first and fourth sections of the act of Congress, entitled, "An act to confiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes," approved August, 6th, 1861,2 and a copy of which act I herewith send you. This letter is written in a spirit of caution and not of censure
I send it by a special messenger, in order that it may certainly and speedily reach you--
Yours very truly
A. Lincoln
[ Endorsed by Lincoln:]
Copy of letter sent to Gen. Fremont, by special messenger leaving Washington Sep. 3. 1861.
[Note 1 On August 30, 1861, General John C. Fremont issued a proclamation in which he professed to take over the administrative powers of the state of Missouri. He further declared martial law, pronounced a death penalty for all Confederate guerrillas to be apprehended within Union lines, and most controversially, decreed the confiscation of the property and the slaves of all active Confederate sympathizers in the state. Radical Republicans applauded Fremont's proclamation but Lincoln, still concerned about retaining the sympathies of most Kentuckians for the Union cause, was alarmed by it. Here he requests that Fremont moderate his proclamation to conform to the confiscation legislation already in place.]
[Note 2 This act of Congress provided for the freeing of slaves only if they were "employed in hostile service against the Government."]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Abraham Lincoln to John C. Fremont, Monday, September 02, 1861 (Fremont's August 30 Proclamation; endorsed by Lincoln, Sept. 3, 1861)
Subject
The topic of the resource
President Lincoln responding to Major-General Fremont's proclamation.
Description
An account of the resource
Direct letters indicating what President Lincoln thought of Fremont's Proclamation are indicators of how the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 was formed. There was some anxiety since Fremont's Proclamation went against the Confiscation Act Congress had passed August 06, 1861.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
President Abraham Lincoln
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
The Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 02, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Military
Private letter
-
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John C. Fremont
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John C. Fremont
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John C. Fremont
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter