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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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Washington D. C. Sep. 9. 1861
My dear Sir:
Gen. Fremont needs assistance which it is difficult to give him: He is losing the confidence of men near him, whose support any man in his position must have to be successful. His cardinal mistake is that he isolates himself, & allows nobody to see him; and by which he does not know what is going on in the very matter he is dealing with. He needs to have, by his side, a man of large experience. Will you not, for me, take that place? Your rank is one grade too high to be ordered to it; but will you not serve the country, and oblige me, by taking it voluntarily?
[Note 1 Lincoln's extreme dissatisfaction with General Fremont's conduct in Missouri is manifest in this letter. Not only was Lincoln distressed by Fremont's proclamation of August 30, which pronounced a death penalty for Confederate guerillas and confiscated the property and slaves of Confederate sympathizers, he had been hearing reports of Fremont's extreme isolation from visitors, and his apparent military incompetence. See Joshua F. Speed to Lincoln, September 1, 1861, September 3, 1861, Greene Adams and James Speed to Lincoln, September 2, 1861, Francis Preston Blair to Montgomery Blair, September 1, 1861, Samuel T. Glover to Montgomery Blair, September 2, 1861, James O. Broadhead to Montgomery Blair, September 3, 1861, Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, September 3, September 4, 1861.
Lincoln's initial solution was to send General David Hunter to Missouri to act in a sort of advisory capacity to Fremont, in spite of the misgivings of General Winfield Scott. (See Scott to Lincoln, September 5, 1861). Here Lincoln entreats Hunter to go to Missouri even though his rank was too high for the position Lincoln anticipates. In fact, Hunter went to Missouri, and on October 24 he relieved Fremont of command there.]
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Hand-written letter
Dublin Core
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Title
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Abraham Lincoln to David Hunter, Monday, September 09, 1861 (Appointment of Hunter as advisor to General Fremont)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Private letter from President Lincoln to General Hunter requesting Hunter advise General Fremont. September 09, 1861.
Description
An account of the resource
This document reflects President Lincoln's disapproval of General Fremont's Proclamation and actions he took to change the situation. This document shows President Lincoln's trust and respect for General Hunter, and the expectation of following orders rather than creating one's own resolution in war.
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President Abraham Lincoln
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Library of Congress
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Library of Congress
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September 09, 1861
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Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
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All rights held by Library of Congress
Format
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Private Letter
Language
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English
1861
David Hunter
Private letter
Proclamation
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
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Washington D. C. Sept. 2, 1861.
My dear Sir:
Two points in your proclamation of August 30th give me some anxiety. First, should you shoot a man, according to the proclamation, the Confederates would very certainly shoot our best man in their hands in retaliation; and so, man for man, indefinitely. It is therefore my order that you allow no man to be shot, under the proclamation, without first having my approbation or consent
Secondly, I think there is great danger that the closing paragraph, in relation to the confiscation of property, and the liberating slaves of traiterous owners, will alarm our Southern Union friends, and turn them against us -- perhaps ruin our rather fair prospect for Kentucky. Allow me therefore to ask, that you will as of your own motion, modify that paragraph so as to conform to the first and fourth sections of the act of Congress, entitled, "An act to confiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes," approved August, 6th, 1861,2 and a copy of which act I herewith send you. This letter is written in a spirit of caution and not of censure
I send it by a special messenger, in order that it may certainly and speedily reach you--
Yours very truly
A. Lincoln
[ Endorsed by Lincoln:]
Copy of letter sent to Gen. Fremont, by special messenger leaving Washington Sep. 3. 1861.
[Note 1 On August 30, 1861, General John C. Fremont issued a proclamation in which he professed to take over the administrative powers of the state of Missouri. He further declared martial law, pronounced a death penalty for all Confederate guerrillas to be apprehended within Union lines, and most controversially, decreed the confiscation of the property and the slaves of all active Confederate sympathizers in the state. Radical Republicans applauded Fremont's proclamation but Lincoln, still concerned about retaining the sympathies of most Kentuckians for the Union cause, was alarmed by it. Here he requests that Fremont moderate his proclamation to conform to the confiscation legislation already in place.]
[Note 2 This act of Congress provided for the freeing of slaves only if they were "employed in hostile service against the Government."]
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Letter
Dublin Core
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Title
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Abraham Lincoln to John C. Fremont, Monday, September 02, 1861 (Fremont's August 30 Proclamation; endorsed by Lincoln, Sept. 3, 1861)
Subject
The topic of the resource
President Lincoln responding to Major-General Fremont's proclamation.
Description
An account of the resource
Direct letters indicating what President Lincoln thought of Fremont's Proclamation are indicators of how the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 was formed. There was some anxiety since Fremont's Proclamation went against the Confiscation Act Congress had passed August 06, 1861.
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President Abraham Lincoln
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The Library of Congress
Publisher
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The Library of Congress
Date
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September 02, 1861
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The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
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Library of Congress
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Letter
Language
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English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Military
Private letter
-
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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Washington, Sept 22, 1861.
My dear Sir:
Yours of the 17th is just received; and, coming from you, I confess it astonishes me. That you should object to my adhering to a law which you had assisted in making and presenting to me less than a month before, is odd enough. But this is a very small part. Gen. Fremont's proclamation as to confiscation of property, and the liberation of slaves, is purely political, and not within the range of military law, or necessity. If a commanding General finds a necessity to seize the farm of a private owner, for a pasture, an encampment, or a fortification, he has the right to do so, and to so hold it, as long as the necessity lasts; and this is within military law, because within military necessity. But to say the farm shall no longer belong to the owner, or his heirs, forever; and this as well when the farm is not needed for military purposes, as when it is, is purely political; without the savor of military law about it. And the same is true of slaves. If the General needs them he can seize them, and use them; but when the need is past, it is not for him to fix their permanent future condition. That must be settled according to laws made by lawmakers, and not by military proclamations. The proclamation, in the point in question, is simply "dictatorship." It assumes that the General may do anything he pleases -- confiscate the lands and free the slaves of loyal people, as well as of disloyal ones. And going the whole figure, I have no doubt would be more popular with some thoughtless people, than what he has that which has been done! But I cannot assume this reckless position; nor allow others to assume it on my responsibility. You speak of it as being the only means of saving the government. On the contrary, it is itself the surrender of the government. Can it be pretended that it is any longer the government of the U. S. -- any government of constitution and laws, -- wherein a General, or a President, may make permanent rules of property by proclamation?
I do not say Congress might not with propriety, pass a law, on the point, just such as General Fremont proclaimed. I do not say, I might not, as a member of Congress, vote for it. What I object to, is, that I, as President, shall expressly or impliedly, seize and exercise the permanent legislative functions of the government.
So much as to principle. Now as to policy. No doubt the thing was popular in some quarters, and would have been more so, if it had been a general declaration of emancipation. The Kentucky Legislature would not budge till that proclamation was modified; and Gen. Anderson telegraphed me3 that on the news of Gen. Fremont having actually issued deeds of manumission, a whole company of our volunteers threw down their arms and disbanded. I was so assured as to think it probable that the very arms we had furnished Kentucky, would be turned against us. I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we can not hold Missouri, nor as I think, Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol. On the contrary, if you will give up your restlessness for new positions, and back me manfully on the grounds upon which you and other kind friends gave me the election, and have approved in my public documents, we shall go through triumphantly.
You must not understand I took my course on the proclamation because of Kentucky. I took the same ground in a private letter to the General Fremont, before I heard from Kentucky.
You think I am inconsistent because I did not also forbid Gen. Fremont to shoot men under the proclamation. I understand that part to be within military law; but I also think, and so privately wrote Gen. Fremont that it is impolitic in this, that our adversaries have the power, and will certainly exercise it, to shoot as many of our men as we shoot of theirs. I did not say this in the public letter, because it is a subject I prefer not to discuss in the hearing of our enemies.
There has been no thought of removing Gen. Fremont on any ground connected with his proclamation; and if there has been any wish for his removal on any ground, our mutual friend, Sam. Glover, can probably tell you what it was. I hope no real necessity for it exists on any ground.
Suppose you write to Hurlbut and get him to resign.4
Your friend as ever
A. Lincoln
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Private Letter
Dublin Core
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Title
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Abraham Lincoln to Orville H. Browning, Sunday, September 22, 1861 (Fremont's Proclamation)
Subject
The topic of the resource
The more close reflection and criticisms of Fremont's Proclamation.
Description
An account of the resource
This letter allows insight of President Lincoln's honest reflection of General Fremont's Proclamation. The idea was set in his head, and this document elaborates what he would change and why the Fremont Proclamation is not permissable.
Creator
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President Abraham Lincoln
Source
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Library of Congress
Publisher
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Library of Congress
Date
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September 22, 1861
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Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
Format
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Letter
Language
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English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
Private letter
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Title
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Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
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Letter
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Title
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John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
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John C. Fremont
Source
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Library of Congress
Publisher
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Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
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Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
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Library of Congress
Format
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Letter
Language
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English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John C. Fremont
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter
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Omeka Image File
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Influences on the Emancipation Proclamation
Description
An account of the resource
Different events that influenced the Emancipation Proclamation.
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
8 September 1861
My dear Sir
Your letter of the 2d,1 by special messenger, I know to have been written before you had received mine, and before my telegraphic despatches and the rapid development of critical conditions here, had informed you of affairs in this quarter. I had not written to you fully or frequently, first because in the incessant change of affairs I would be oposed to giving you contradictory accounts, and secondly because the amount of the subjects to be laid before you would demand too much of your time. Trusting to have your confidence I have been leaving it to events themselves to shew you whether or not I was shaping affairs here according to your ideas. The shortest communication between Washington and St. Louis generally involves two days, and the employment of two days in time of war goes largely towards success or disaster. I therefore went along according to my own judgment, leaving the result of my movements to justify me with you, and as in regard to my proclamation of the 30th. Between the rebel armies, the Provisional Government, and home traitors I felt the position bad and saw danger. In the night I decided upon the proclamation & the form of it. I wrote it the next morning and printed it the same day. I did it without consultation or advice with any one, acting solely with my best judgement to serve the country and yourself, and perfectly willing to receive the amount of censure which should be thought due if I had made a false step. It was as much a movement in the war as a battle is, and in going with these I shall have to act according to my judgement of the ground before me, as I did on this occasion. If upon reflection, your better judgement still decides that I am wrong in the article respecting the liberation of slaves I have to ask that you will openly direct me to make the correction. The implied censure will be recived by me as a soldier always should the reprimand of his chief. If I were to retract of my own accord it would imply that I myself thought it wrong and that I had acted without the reflection which the gravity of the point demanded. But I did not do so. I acted with full deliberation and upon the certain conviction that it was a measure right and necessary, and I think so still.
In regard to the other point of the proclamation to which you refer I desire to say that I do not think the enemy can either misconstrue it, or urge any thing against it, or undertake to make unusual retaliation. The shooting of men who shall rise in arms, within its lines, against an army in the military occupation of a country, is merely a necessary measure of defence and entirely according to the usages of civilized warfare. The article does not at all refer to ordinary prisoners of war, and certainly our enemies have no ground for requiring that we should waive in their benefit any of the ordinary advantages which the usages of war allow to us. As promptitude is itself an advantage in war I have to ask that you will permit me to carry out upon the spot the provisions of the proclamation in this respect. Looking at affairs from this point of view I feel satisfied that strong and vigorous measures have now become necessary to the success of our arms, & hoping that my views may have the honor to meet your approval I am with respect & regard
Very truly yours,
J. C. Fremont
[Note 1 On September 2, Lincoln wrote to Fremont and requested that he modify the portion of his August 30 proclamation which freed the slaves of rebels in Missouri.]
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John C. Fremont to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, September 08, 1861 (Proclamation and situation in Missouri)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Major-General John Fremont's response to President Lincoln's September 02 letter.
Description
An account of the resource
The letter indicates the process and intention of the proclamation. The letter also shows that President Lincoln was not in full control of his military.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John C. Fremont
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Library of Congress
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 08, 1861
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Library of Congress
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Letter
Language
A language of the resource
English
1861
Abraham Lincoln
Fremont Proclamation
John C. Fremont
Private letter